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Course #2
AUDIO
LESSON 4 : REVIEWING DIFFICULT CONSONANTS
Dr.David Alan Stern
AUDIO
SECTION I : "R" and "L" {Counter #.................}
[LANGUAGE NOTE : The American-style initial R-Sound should be practiced by speakers of all other first language groups. Of course, R/L confusion usually takes place with speakers of East Asian language -- those of JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, and SOUTHEAST ASIA. Be particularly careful not to insert the extra vowel sound when the "R" follows other consonants if you are a speaker of HINDI (and other subcontinent languages), ARABIC, FARSI, and TOGOLOG.
L4/S1-A : THE "R" (consonant) Phonetic Symbol : [ r ]
SPELLING :
"r" as in RUN TRUCK FRONT
RED, ROSE, ROME, REACH, RENT, REMEMBER
GREEN, FRIED, CRASH, BREW, BREAK, FREIGHT
TREE, TRY, TROUBLE, TRICK
- THE TREE IS GROWING FROM THE LAWN.
- I HAD TROUBLE BROILING THE FRESH FISH.
- IT'S TRUE THAT I'M PROUD OF THE WINTER CROP.
Here are a few more drills for the R-shaded vowels.
| repeat | rid | rest | rat | root | rookie | rough |
| run | rake | roast | rye | round | royal | rear |
| rural | rotten | roar | tree | free | trip | grid |
| Fred | tread | true | brew | crook | broad | trust |
| crop | tropic | grade | thrill | chrome | grown | freight |
| trial | crowd | proud | Troy | broil | trash | crash |
- Remember the Red River Rovers whenever revisiting Texas.
- Real estate agents read listings regularly.
- Trucks from the farm ravaged the remaining structures.
- Retractors really roll away from your grip.
- Red roses represent real royalty there in France.
L4/S1-B : THE "L" Phonetic Symbol : [ l ]
SPELLING:
"I" or "II" as in LONG, LOST, HALL
LOVE, LOAN, ELECTION, SELL
Now try these extra drills for L not found on the tape.
leap, lick, let, latch, loop, look, lost, lot, luck, element,
elaborate, illuminate, Alabama, political, peel, pill, spell,
gal, pool, pull, toll, tall, girl
- Listen, Larry, we'd like to level with you about your lawn.
- Until eleven its less likely to happen.
- Spelling takes a toll on the girl's listening abilities.
- The lesson learned is clearly about loving your daily labor.
L4/S1-C : CONTRASTING "R" and "L"
-- THE LONG RIVER LOOKS REALLY LOVELY.
-- LUCY WAS REAL LUCKY.
-- THE RENT IS LIKELY TO RISE LATER.
-- A LOT OF RAIN LEAKED THROUGH THE ROOF.
And some additional contrasts which are not recorded on the tape:
| element/error | load/road | wrong/long |
| illness/irregular | rug/lug | rust/lust |
| regulate/legislate | roast/close | royal/loyal |
SECTION II : "V" and "W" {Counter # ........}
[LANGUAGE NOTE : Pay particular attention to the V and W
formations and contrasts if your first language is GERMAN,
RUSSIAN, other SLAVIC languages, as well as FINNISH, HUNGARIAN,
NORWEGIAN, SWEDISH, and DANISH, FARSI, HINDI and other languages
of the subcontinent.]
L4/S2-A : THE "V" Phonetic Symbol : [ v ]
Spellings :
"v" as in VERY, HAVE
"f" as in OF
VERY, EVERY, VOTE, HAVE, VOICE, SAVE
Now try these extra drills for the V consonant.
veal, visit, vest, voodoo, Vaughn, vacate, vote, vibrate, void, veer, vary, vat, fever, harvest, avoid, save, grieve, relieve, love, shelves, wave, groove, grove, leave
L4/S2-B : THE "W" Phonetic Symbol : [ w ]
SPELLINGS :
"w" as in WILL WORK WEST
"u+another vowel" as in QUICK
OCCASIONAL SPELLING :
"wh" as in WHICH, WHEN, WHETHER
HOWEVER -- There are many parts of the United States where the W sound is pronounced with a slight, voiceless air puff before the lip glide when the word contains the "wh" spelling.
WEST, WILL, WANT, WORRY, WATCH, WAS, WEDNESDAY
And here are extra W drills not recorded on the tape.
we, will, west, wax, wooed, walk, wok, woke, wake, wow, war, were, west, will, want, which, want, whale, when, white, whip
L4/S2-C : CONTRASTING "V" and "W"
-- VICTOR WAS VERY WORRIED.
-- I WANT TO VOTE NEXT WEDNESDAY.
-- EVERYONE WAS VISITING THE WEST COAST.
-- I NEVER WORKED VERY HARD ON WEDNESDAY EVENINGS.
And now a few extra pair :
west/vest worse/verse went/vent Velma/well
L4/S2-D : CONTRASTING "R", "W", and "V"
REST/WEST/VEST RAIN/WAYNE/VAIN REAL/WHEEL/VEAL
RAIL/WHALE/VALE
And a few other sets for you to practice:
rill/will/villain Rome/won't/vote rye/why/violent/round/wound/vow
SECTION III : "B" and "V" {Counter #.......}
L4/S3-A: THE "B" Phonetic Symbol: [ b ]
[LANGUAGE NOTE : SPANISH speakers must pay closest attention to the contrast between the American "B" and "V" consonants.]
SPELLINGS :
"b" or "bb" as in BEAR CAB CABBAGE
BERRY, BOAT, BANK, ABOUT, BORROW, BOAT, BASEBALL
And now some additional drills for the "B" consonant which aren't recorded on the tape.
beet, big, beg, bag, boot, book, bought, bottom, but, bail, boat, bite, bout, boy, boar, beer, cable, cribbage, cubic, cobble, bribe, ebb, cab, boob, hub, Abe, robe, verb
L4/S3-B : CONTRASTING "B" and "V"
-- THE BOAT IS VERY BIG.
-- CAN THE BOY VISIT HIS BROTHER VICTOR?
-- I HAVE TO BORROW FIVE BANK NOTES.
-- I HAVE BETTER VISION FROM THE BACK ROW.
And now try some additional B/V contrast.
very/berry verb/bird bid/video vote/boat veil/bail
Bill/villain Ben/venerable average/about
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